In Tunisia, young women are expected to be virgins when they marry, leading to a growing trade in hymen reconstruction surgery.
Yasmine (not her real name) looks nervous. She's biting her nails and checks her mobile phone constantly.
"I consider this to be deception and I'm really worried," she says.
We're
on the fourth floor of a private clinic in Tunis - the gynaecology
service. Around us in the pink waiting room, other women wait patiently
to be seen.
Yasmine confides in me that she is having a
hymenoplasty, a short procedure that promises to reconstruct her
virginity surgically.
Her wedding is due to take place in two months' time and the
28-year-old is worried that her husband will find out she is not a
virgin.
She has come here to turn back the clock but is concerned that at some point in the future the truth may come out.
"I
might one day inadvertently betray myself in a conversation with my
husband," she says. "Or my husband may have... suspicions."
There have been some reports of young women here being divorced
shortly after marrying because their husbands suspected they were not
virgins.
Yasmine was born into a liberal family and spent many
years living abroad. She fears her fiancé will cancel their wedding if
he knows the truth about her sexual history.
"I had an affair once
with a man," she says. "At that time, I couldn't imagine how huge the
pressure was in my society and what the consequences could be.
"So now I am afraid. If I reveal this to my fiancé, I'm quite sure our wedding will be cancelled."
Yasmine
will now have to pay almost $400 (£310) for the procedure, which will
take about 30 minutes. She has been saving up the money for several
months, keeping it secret from her family and her fiancé.
The doctor who will carry out the procedure for Yasmine is a
gynaecologist, whom we will call Rachid. He does two hymenoplasties a
week, on average.
Rachid says 99% of his patients are motivated by the fear that they might otherwise bring shame to their family and relatives.
Many, like Yasmine, are seeking to disguise the fact that they are not virgins.
But
hymens can tear for other reasons too, such as tampon use, leaving
women worried that they may be accused, falsely, of having had sex
before marriage.
"Gynaecologists do hymen repair. This is nothing
exceptional," Rachid says. "But here some doctors refuse to do it. I
personally do it because I disagree with those who make virginity a sort
of sacred thing.
"It really annoys me. This is a manifestation
of a male-dominated society covered up in some religious principles. I
mean it when I say it's male dominance and I'll continue to wage an
all-out war against it."
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